AP Environmental Science

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    APES notes: atmosphere, weather

    APES notes atmosphere, weather

    see also frog book 15.1 and 6.1


    Three ways heat energy moves:

    Radiation: no medium needed, e.g. light

    Conduction: contact

    Convection: matter in motion


    Summary:

    Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere

    Radiation hits the earth surface, conducts to air

    Hot air rises, (convection) cooler air comes in to take its place


    Tilt of the earth: Basis for seasons : tilt away=winter

    equinox=equal night, solstice=extremes

    Equator is hottest, so greatest convection there

    Three cells based on convection, cause winds

    Hadley, Ferrel, Polar

    Ocean currents follow the winds, clockwise in N hemisphere

    Cells converge at rainy spots, diverge at deserts

    Why? Clouds lift at convection spots, cooling them = rain

    Dry air dropping from space = warm, dry air (deserts)


    Layers: spheres bottom to top

    tropo: at the surface, where all weather happens, conduction to air from surface, convection to other layers, albedo is how much energy it reflects (albus=white)

    strato: higher, drier air, cooler, air travel is here, also ozone layer (stops UV)

    meso: middle

    thermo: hot, charged particles, also ionosphere, bounces radio waves

    exo: outer

    magneto; even further, deflects solar wind, protects surface (none on Mars)


    Air stuff:

    compress air and it heats

    uncompress air (e.g. altitude) it cools

    warmer air holds more water

    cooler air holds less water

    humidity measures how much water in how much air

    relative humidity: compared to how much it can hold at that temp

    absolute humidity: total amount of water

    dew point: temp where water condenses

    rising air condenses (rain) “adiabatic cooling” rain carries the heat away

    falling air heats (deserts) “adiabatic heating” absorbs energy from the surroudings

    rain shadows=dry areas after mountains

    saturated 100% RH air is fog, then rain or snow


    Cells:

    ITCZ: at the equator, inter-tropical-convergence-zone

    Hadley cell: equator to 30°N or 30°S

    Ferrel cell: 30-60°

    Polar cell: 60-90°

    since earth is spinning, as air flows south, it also falls a bit west=tradewinds

    if air flows north, it also flows a bit east=westerlies (weather describes wind from source direction)

    this change of direction creates the coriolis effect

    Hurricanes are low pressure systems, rising air creates a counter-clockwise flow (L on the weather maps)

    High pressure systems create clockwise flow (H on the weather map)


    Oceans:

    winds carry surface water along, so N hemisphere has clockwise currents (cool water off CA coast)

    a special current from Greenland melt flows to Hawaii, called the thermo (heat) haline (salt) current.

    ENSO is a big deal: normally winds carry water off-shore of chile, bringing up food from the deep ocean (happy fisherpeeps).

    El Niño reverses this, so sad fisherpeeps

    La nada is no flow at all



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You should be able to do the following after logging in with your account: To create a new page, click the ...Falseadmin2020-08-19T15:43:59+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:03+00:002013-02-05 02:24:03updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:02+00:002013-02-05 02:24:02addTag3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:05:35+00:002013-02-05 02:05:35updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:03:35+00:002013-02-05 02:03:35created1wiki2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8FalseEnergy notes/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8/Energy_notes.htmladmin4 updatesEnergy notes Week of 2.4.13: energy wrap-up e2 video: coal vs. nuclear in class AP exams: FRQ 2002.1 2004.2 2006.1 2007.2 2008.1 ...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:20+00:002013-02-05 02:23:20updated6Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:18+00:002013-02-05 02:23:18addTag5adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:12+00:002013-02-05 02:23:12updated4adminadmin2013-02-05 02:21:48+00:002013-02-05 02:21:48updated3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:20:26+00:002013-02-05 02:20:26updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:06:00+00:002013-02-05 02:06:00created1wiki2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360bFalseFeb-May plan/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360b/FebMay_plan.htmladmin6 updatesFeb-May plan 1. conclusion of energy chapters (see previous wiki) 2. GCC AP questions FRQ: 2006.2 2005.3 2005.4 2007.3 ...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00adminadmin2012-03-07 05:53:55+00:002012-03-07 05:53:55updated14adminadmin2012-03-07 05:43:38+00:002012-03-07 05:43:38updated13adminadmin2012-03-07 05:41:35+00:002012-03-07 05:41:35updated12adminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:57+00:002012-03-07 05:38:57updated11Added tag - hotadminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:55+00:002012-03-07 05:38:55addTag10adminadmin2012-03-07 05:36:47+00:002012-03-07 05:36:47updated9adminadmin2012-03-07 05:22:26+00:002012-03-07 05:22:26updated8adminadmin2012-03-07 05:20:01+00:002012-03-07 05:20:01updated7adminadmin2012-03-07 05:18:58+00:002012-03-07 05:18:58updated6adminadmin2012-03-07 04:58:55+00:002012-03-07 04:58:55updated5adminadmin2012-03-07 04:57:33+00:002012-03-07 04:57:33updated4adminadmin2012-03-07 04:56:53+00:002012-03-07 04:56:53updated3adminadmin2012-03-07 04:54:20+00:002012-03-07 04:54:20updated2First createdadminadmin2012-03-07 04:53:33+00:002012-03-07 04:53:33created1weblog2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030FalseGreen Apple/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030/Green_Apple.htmladmin14 updatesGreen Apple Team, Please watch this video about NYC: Trailer: http://www.pbs.org/e2/episodes/101_the_green_apple_trailer.html On the server: http://physics.hpa...Falseadmin2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:24+00:002011-09-13 19:08:24updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:22+00:002011-09-13 19:08:22addTag3adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:10+00:002011-09-13 19:08:10updated2First createdadminadmin2011-09-13 19:04:30+00:002011-09-13 19:04:30created1weblog2011-09-13T19:08:24+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecddFalseQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecdd/Questions_for_Wednesday_wiki_adds.htmladmin4 updatesQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds Team, I'd like to try something for class tomorrow: each of you to create a question from chapter 3, and email it to me by this evening (Tuesday). 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